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1- Definition of leadership A set of actions including language action(words). leadership can be evaluated or described in four dimensions; A scale that measures the magnitude of the vision or the result to be done. A scope that measures the magnitude of the effort or the resources required. Effectiveness measures the actual results in comparison to the desired results. And normative value is the acceptability of vision to be applied. B- The four Aspects of leadership. Creating a vision Enrollment Breakdowns Managing Breakdown Leadership notes

Managing Breakdowns

Creating an environment that successfully resolves the breakdowns. Such an environment supports people in the organization, So they renew their commitment to the realization of the vision in the face of breakdowns. خلق بيئة تعمل على حل الأعطال بنجاح. تدعم هذه البيئة الأشخاص في المنظمة . لذلك يجددون التزامهم بتحقيق الرؤية في مواجهة الأعطال

The Systemic Thinking Process

The Systemic Thinking Process The systemic thinking process is very simple: 1- List as many system elements (of the type you're interested) or as you can think of. (e.g. problems, ideas, opportunities, desired outcomes, solutions, needs etc) 2- Start to group similar elements together and describe what each group has in common. 3- Start to find the common theme across the group descriptions, as shown in Figure 3.2. The systemic thinking process The common theme is the systemic pattern across the entire situation - the genius level insight into the entire situation. learn more : Barrier to Systemic Thinking Barrier to Systemic Thinking In a sense, systemic thinking is the reverse of analytical thinking . Analytical thinking breaks things apart in stages- systemic thinking groups things together in stages. Thus grouping of things t...

Geographical location

Geographical location Geographical location is used in the process of planning and implementing marketing activities. It can be used in any of the areas of the marketing mix - product, pricing, promotion, or place. The market segment can also be linked to the location, and the geo-marketing methodology can be successfully applied to the financial sector through automated teller machines, and the mapping of crowded areas based on integrated geographical data. Geographical marketing has a direct impact on the development of modern trade and the reorganization of types of retail. The site selection becomes automated and based on some scientific procedure that saves time and money. In geo-marketing, suitable criteria for success/failure are set. The GPS tracking unit and mobile phone tracking device can also be used to know the actual situation of the traveling customer

Pervasiveness of Planning:

Pervasiveness of Planning: Planning is a function of all managers, although the character and breadth of planning will vary with their authority and with the nature of policies and plans outlined by their superiors. It is virtually impossible to circumscribe the area of choice where they can exercise no discretion, and unless they have some planning responsibility, it is doubtful that they are truly managers.

what do you know about PERT ?

PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) The program evaluation and review technique (PERT), a technique that evolved partly from the Gantt chart, is a scheduling tool that does emphasize the interrelationship of tasks. But, what is meant by PERT? It is a network of project activities showing both the estimates of time necessary to complete each activity and the sequence of activities that must be followed to complete the project. The PERT network contains two primary elements, activities, and events. Activities are specified sets of behavior within a project, while events are the completions of major project tasks. Within the PERT network, each event is assigned corresponding activities that must be performed before the event can materialize. Steps in designing a PERT network When designing a PERT network, managers should follow four primary steps: Step (1): Listing all the activities / events that needed to be accomplished for the proj...

The main advantages and disadvantage of partnership

The main advantages of partnership. The main advantages of partnership. 1- It is easy to own and manage a business with one partner r or more. 2- A limited partnership is specially designed to push business with internal financing due to the coverage of business needs. 3- Shared management, it is easier to manage the daily activities and share duties with partners in case of an agreement of visions. The main disadvantages of partnership

Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost

Scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost the question of what goods or services are produced and what they cost and for whom are the elements which take in mind when we calculate our opportunity to catch more choices and gains. In many societies, the lack of economic resources is an obstacle to enjoying some luxury products Food products and necessities are the most important and have a greater opportunity for attention. In addition, social cultures and purchasing habits play an important role in the success of the product in these societies Some products need to spread awareness related to the importance of their use and the risks of non-use or the extent of progress associated with the use of the product or service, how to deal with them, and the after-sales service. Economics suggests that when resources are scarce the societies are faced with complex choices.

The role of government in markets

The role of government in markets; The free market is a system in which the prices of goods and commodities are self-regulated by the open market as well as by consumers. In a free market, the laws and forces of supply and demand contain no interference by a government or other authority and are devoid of all forms of economic immunity, monopolies, and artificial scarcity. Proponents of the free market concept contrast with the organized market in which the government interferes with supply and demand through various methods, such as tariffs used to restrict trade and protect the local economy. In an ideal free-market economy, the forces of supply and demand determine the prices of goods and services freely, and they are allowed to reach their equilibrium point without government policy interference. There are some criticisms of the theoretical concept of systems with large market power, or disparities in the ability to supply and demand, as regulation in these cases is necessary...

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